饥饿不同时间后投喂对许氏平鮋生长及体成分的影响

在室内水温21.8~25℃条件下,将初始体质量为(8.87±0.16)g的许氏平鮋Sebastes schlegeli放养在50cm×50cm×100cm网箱中,饥饿0(S0)、3(S3)、6(S6)、9(S9)和12d(S12)后分别投喂30d、27d、24d、21d和18d,每组3个重复,测定其体质量、肥满度、脏体指数、肝体指数、摄食率、食物转化率及全鱼和肝脏主要生化组成的变化。结果表明:随着饥饿时间的延长,幼鱼体质量逐渐降低,各饥饿组鱼体质量显著低于同期对照组(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,S3组体质量、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著高于对照组S0(P0.05),S6与S0组无显著差异(P0.05),而S9与S12组未能达到S0水平(P0.05)。S3组食物转化率(FCE)显著高于其余各组(P0.05),S9、S12组则显著低于对照组(P0.05)。饥饿状态下,各饥饿组鱼肝体指数与脏体指数显著小于S0组(P0.05));恢复投喂后各组肝体指数、脏体指数与对照组无显著差异。随着饥饿时间的延长,鱼体粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05),水分与粗蛋白含量呈上升趋势(P0.05)。饥饿6d后,鱼体粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组,饥饿12d时粗脂肪含量比饥饿前降低了19.33%(P0.05)。恢复投喂后,各试验组间鱼体水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量差异不显著(P0.05)。S9和S12组中肝脏粗脂肪含量显著低于S0组(P0.05)。     

Growth and production of Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) in nursery habitats of the Gulf of Alaska

Nursery areas for juvenile fishes are often important for determining recruitment in marine populations by providing habitats that can maximize growth and thereby minimize mortality. Pacific ocean perch (POP, Sebastes alutus) have an extended juvenile period where they inhabit rocky nursery habitats. We examined POP nursery areas to link growth potential to recruitment. Juvenile POP were captured from nursery areas in 2004 and 2008, and estimated growth rates ranged from ?0.19 to 0.60 g day^?1 based on differences in size between June and August. Predicted growth rates from a bioenergetics model ranged from 0.05 to 0.49 g day^?1 and were not significantly different than observed. Substrate preferences and the distribution of their preferred habitats were utilized to predict the extent of juvenile POP nursery habitat in the Gulf of Alaska. Based on densities of fish observed on underwater video transects and the spatial extent of nursery areas, we predicted 278 and 290 million juvenile POP were produced in 2004 and 2008. Growth potential for juvenile POP was reconstructed using the bioenergetics model, spring zooplankton bloom timing and duration and bottom water temperature for 1982–2008. When a single outlying recruitment year in 1986 was removed, growth potential experienced by juvenile POP in nursery areas was significantly correlated to the recruitment time‐series from the stock assessment, explaining ～30% of the variability. This research highlights the potential to predict recruitment using habitat‐based methods and provides a potential mechanism for explaining some of the POP recruitment variability observed for this population.     

人工隐蔽物及投喂频率对许氏平鲉幼鱼生长和行为的影响

室内水槽实验条件下研究了许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)幼鱼(15.24 g±2.9 g)在不同光照条件下对3种人工遮蔽物的行为反应。在此基础上,通过7周的养殖实验研究了不同放养密度下(800 ind/m3,1 200 ind/m3,1 600 ind/m3),隐蔽物、投喂频率(1次/d、2次/d、3次/d、4次/d)对许氏平鲉幼鱼(0.50 g±0.02 g)生长、摄食和行为的影响。结果表明:1)实验采用的3种隐蔽物对许氏平鲉幼鱼均有明显的诱集作用,其中扇贝笼改造的隐蔽物S1诱集效果最好。2)遮光条件可以提高隐蔽物区域幼鱼的分布率,但与自然光处理组差异不显著(P0.05)。3)在实验设定的密度范围内,许氏平鲉幼鱼的终末体重、日增重率、特定生长率随密度的增大而升高。无隐蔽物条件下,低密度组的日增重率和特定生长率与中高密度组差异显著(P0.05),终末体重则显著低于高密度组(P0.05);隐蔽物的设置显著提高了中、低密度组许氏平鲉幼鱼的终末体重(P0.05),高密度组幼鱼的特定生长率和饲料转换率也有显著提高(P0.05)。4)放养密度和隐蔽物对于许氏平鲉幼鱼的生长离散影响显著(P0.05),随着放养密度的增大,幼鱼的体重变异系数呈逐渐增大趋势;相同放养密度下,放置隐蔽物的各组幼鱼生长离散均小于未放置组,其中低密度组间差异极显著(P0.01),中密度组间差异显著(P0.05)。5)3种放养密度下饱食投喂频率为1次/d处理组幼鱼的体重变异系数显著大于其他各组(P0.05),饱食投喂频率大于2次/d时,各处理组幼鱼生长离散无显著差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明,对于体重0.5~5.8 g的许氏平鲉幼鱼,当放养密度为1 200 ind/m3条件时,通过投放人工隐蔽物,选取2次/d的饱食投喂频率,可显著降低生长离散水平,并使幼鱼获得较好的生长。本研究旨在为许氏平鲉健康苗种培育及规模化生产提供科学指导和技术支撑。     

基于线粒体控制区的许氏平鲉养殖群体与野生群体比较研究

为研究许氏平鲉养殖群体与野生群体遗传结构及遗传多样性状况,采用PCR扩增获得许氏平鲉线粒体DNA控制区高变区片段,并对其进行比对分析。结果显示,在长度为451 bp的线粒体控制区片段中,养殖群体单倍型多样度(0.540±0.067~0.815±0.021)明显低于野生群体(0.883±0.053~0.944±0.028),而核苷酸多样度(0.001±0.001~0.007±0.004)与野生群体(0.004±0.003~0.007±0.004)相差不大,遗传多样性水平均较低。在52个单倍型中,养殖群体仅占12个,且有6个单倍型与野生群体共享。群体间遗传分化指数和AMOVA分析结果显示,养殖群体和野生群体之间以及养殖群体之间的遗传分化较大,而野生群体间遗传变异较小,组群间的遗传分化较小且不显著(ΦCT=-0.013;P0.05)。单倍型最小跨度树和NJ系统发育树均未检测到明显的谱系结构。     

300Hz脉冲音对许氏平鲉幼鱼的驯化效果

采用300 Hz脉冲波断续音在实验室水槽中对许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli幼鱼进行音响驯化试验。结果表明：在驯化第15天开始聚集时间减小到2 s,之后到20 d均无大变化;聚集时间从第5天开始整体呈递减趋势,驯化第16天,聚集时间达到最短（16 s）;聚集率则逐日增加,驯化第18天,聚集率达到最高,为91%,平均聚集率为83.9%;音响驯化结束10 d后再次放声,许氏平鲉开始聚集时间为3 s,聚集时间为44 s,聚集率为86.3%。由此可见,300 Hz脉冲波断续音对许氏平鲉有明显的驯化作用;许氏平鲉对驯化声音记忆力超过10 d且效果显著。     

许氏平鲉、大泷六线鱼临界游速与爆发游速及其生理指标的研究

利用垂直循环回流水槽和PVC水槽,分别测定了许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli、大泷六线鱼Hexagram-mos otakii的临界游速和爆发游速,并分析了鱼类游泳后对其生理指标的影响。结果表明：体长为10~22cm的许氏平鲉其临界游速为44.69~69.07 cm/s,其相对临界游速为3.11~4.69 BL/s;体长为10~22 cm的大泷六线鱼其临界游速为42.39~82.93 cm/s,其相对临界游速为3.45~4.90 BL/s;体长为10~22 cm的许氏平鲉其爆发游速为76.68~118.18 cm/s;体长为10~22 cm的大泷六线鱼其爆发游速为81.69~121.25 cm/s。根据临界游速测定结果,估算出许氏平鲉和大泷六线鱼的最大游泳距离分别为6 776.4 m和7 423.2 m;根据爆发游速的测定结果估算出两种鱼的最适逃逸距离为15~25 m。临界游泳疲劳后,许氏平鲉血糖、血乳酸和肌肉乳酸含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,肌糖元、肌肉蛋白与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）;大泷六线鱼血乳酸、肌肉乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,血糖、肌糖元、肌肉蛋白含量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。爆发游泳疲劳后,许氏平鲉血糖、血乳酸、肌肉乳酸含量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,肌糖元含量与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）;大泷六线鱼血糖、肌糖元、肌肉蛋白含量显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,血乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,肌肉乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。     

盐度胁迫对许氏平鲉血液免疫酶活力的影响

研究了急性、慢性盐度胁迫对许氏平鲉体重及血液免疫相关酶活力的影响。慢性盐度胁迫实验表明,在盐度5的水体中,许氏平鲉体重增长率为负值,其余各盐度组(10、20、40)的生长指标与自然海水组(盐度33)差异不显著(P>0·05);随海水盐度的降低,许氏平鲉的溶菌酶活力逐渐上升,但当盐度降至5时,其活力与自然海水组无显著性差异;血液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力随海水盐度降低呈逐渐上升趋势。急性盐度胁迫实验证实,在盐度5、10的急性胁迫初期,许氏平鲉血液的各项免疫酶活力波动较大。溶菌酶活力在胁迫24h时达到峰值,之后逐渐下降;血液SOD活力在96h检测过程中呈高低起伏变化趋势;血液CAT活力在胁迫初期持续降低,12h后逐步稳定在较低水平,显著低于胁迫前血液CAT活力(P<0·05)。     

人工鱼礁模型对大泷六线鱼和许氏平鲉幼鱼个体的诱集效果

在水槽内观测了许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli与大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii幼鱼对两种不同结构PVC材料模型礁的行为反应,并对模型礁的集鱼效果进行了统计分析.结果表明:水槽内无论有礁还是无礁,两种鱼均喜欢栖息在水槽两端的角落或侧壁,在水槽的Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区的平均出现率为20%左右;大泷六线鱼与许氏平鲉的对礁接近行动指数,在方形礁角形格底板试验B1组中分别为1.12和1.03,在十字礁角形格底板试验B2组中分别为1.16和1.05,大泷六线鱼高于许氏平鲉,两种鱼对十字礁的接近行动指数和平均出现率要略高于方形礁.     

Effects of dietary macronutrient level and feeding frequency on growth and body composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary macronutrient level and feeding frequency on the growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile rockfish. Triplicate groups of fish (body weight of 4.1 g) were fed the experimental diets containing either high levels of carbohydrate (HC, 35%), lipid (HL, 13%), or protein (HP, 55%) at different feeding frequencies (twice daily, once daily, and once every 2 days). Weight gain was affected by feeding frequency but not by dietary composition. Weight gain of fish fed the diets once every 2 days was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of other groups. Daily feed intake and energy intake were affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency. Daily feed intake of fish fed the HC diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HL and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were affected by both dietary composition and feeding frequency and decreased with increasing feeding frequency in the same dietary composition. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the HC diet were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of fish fed the HL diet at the same feeding frequency. Whole-body lipid content of fish fed the HL diet was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the HC and HP diets at the same feeding frequency. These results indicate that an increase of dietary lipid level compared with dietary carbohydrate level may have the advantage of a protein-sparing effect at same feeding frequency, and a once-daily feeding regime is more effective than twice daily or one feeding every 2 days to improve growth performance of juvenile rockfish grown from 4 to 21 g.     

4种海水鱼淋巴囊肿组织的病理特征比较

取山东、河北、浙江等地感染淋巴囊肿病的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、许氏平鮋(Sebastes schlegeli)、鲈鱼(Lateo-labrax japonicus)及纹腹叉鼻(Arothron hispidus),利用光镜和电镜技术及组织化学方法,对患病鱼淋巴囊肿组织的病理特征进行观察比较。结果发现,来自不同地区同一种鱼的淋巴囊肿组织的病理特征无明显差异,不同种鱼的淋巴囊肿细胞具有共同的特征:细胞膨大,细胞核不规则,细胞质内有嗜碱性的、呈Feulgen和Mann氏反应阳性的包涵体,囊肿细胞的细胞膜外有呈PAS反应阳性的均质囊壁,细胞质内病毒颗粒的大小200～220 nm,核周池内有高电子密度物质等。不同种鱼囊肿组织细胞的大小、细胞核的不规则程度、细胞质内包涵体的形态、细胞质内病毒粒子的分布状态,以及囊肿物的外观等有差异。虽然不同种鱼之间存在差异,囊肿组织共同的病理学特征仍可作为疾病诊断的可靠依据。